The markers on non-Interstate highways are part of the Texas Reference Marker System. TxDOT derives Reference marker numbers by imposing a grid on a map of Texas. Grid axes are set on extreme western and northern points, where numbering begins with ten. The first reference marker numbers match approximate grid locations. Subsequent marker numbers increase by two. Numbers increase north to south and west to east, depending on the highway's general direction. The numbers are continuous from beginning to end across the state and do not start over at county lines. More info here.